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503 lines
26 KiB
503 lines
26 KiB
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*- |
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from ._db import add_table_data |
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|
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# sgc old weights: |
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# bushy tstellate dstellate octopus pyramidal tuberculoventral |
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# weight 0.027 [12] 0.006 [12] 0.00064 [12] 0.0011 [12] 0.0023 [12] 0.0029 [12] |
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# tau1 0.1 [5] 0.1 [5] 0.2 [5] 0.1 [5] 0.1 [5] 0.1 [5] |
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# tau2 0.3 [5] 0.3 [5] 0.5 [5] 0.3 [5] 0.3 [5] 0.3 [5] |
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# erev 0 [5] 0 [5] 0 [5] 0 [5] 0 [5] 0 [5] |
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add_table_data( |
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"sgc_synapse", |
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row_key="field", |
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col_key="post_type", |
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species="mouse", |
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data=u""" |
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AMPA_gmax and NMDA_gmax are the estimated average peak conductances (in nS) |
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resulting from an action potential in a single auditory nerve terminal, under |
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conditions that minimize the effects of short-term plasticity. |
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AMPA_gmax are from values measured at -65 mV (or -70mV), and represent SINGLE TERMINAL |
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conductances |
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AMPAR_gmax are the individual synapse postsynaptic conductance |
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NMDA_gmax values are taken as the fraction of the current that is NMDAR dependent |
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at +40 mV (see below) |
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n_rsites is the number of release sites per SGC terminal. |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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bushy tstellate dstellate octopus pyramidal tuberculoventral cartwheel |
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AMPA_gmax 21.05±15.4 [1] 4.6±3.1 [2] 0.49±0.29 [7] 0.87±0.23 [3] 0.6±0.3 [8] 2.2±1.5 [8] 0 |
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AMPAR_gmax 4.6516398 [10] 4.632848 [10] 1.7587450 [10] 16.975147 [10] 0.9 [8] 2.2 [8] 0 |
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NMDA_gmax 10.8±4.6 [1] 2.4±1.6 [2] 0.552±0.322 [7] 0.17±0.046 [3] 0.4±0.33 [8] 2.4±1.6 [8] 0 |
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NMDAR_gmax 0.4531933 [10] 1.2127097 [10] 0.9960820 [10] 0.6562702 [10] 0.2 [8] 1.2127097 [8] 0 |
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NMDAR_vsh -15.0 [12] -15.0 [12] -15.0 [12] -15.0 [12] -15.0 [12] -15.0 [12] 0 |
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NMDAR_vshift 0.0 [12] 0.0 [12] 0.0 [12] 0.0 [12] 0.0 [12] 0.0 [12] 0 |
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EPSC_cv 0.12 [8] 0.499759 [9] 0.886406 [9] 1.393382 [9] 0.499 [8] 0.499 [8] 0 |
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Pr 1.000 [11] 1.000 [11] 1.000 [11] 1.000 [11] 1.000 [8] 1.000 [8] 0 |
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n_rsites 100 [5] 4 [6] 1 [4] 1 [4] 2 [8] 2 [8] 0 |
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delay 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0 |
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weight 0.020377 0.003679 0.000457 0.001311 0.000327 0.000808 0 |
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tau1 0.158 0.174 0.152 0.125 0.167 0.157 0 |
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tau2 0.246 1.501 1.652 0.251 1.489 1.641 0 |
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erev 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 |
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[1] Derived from Cao, X. & Oertel, D. (2010). Single-terminal conductance was |
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reported as 21.5±15.4 nS (1.4±1.0 nA at -65 mV). The ratio of NMDA current to |
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total current is 0.3, so AMPA and NMDA currents are: |
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AMPA_gmax = 21.5±15.4 nS (measured at -65 mV) |
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NMDA_gmax = 21.5±15.4 nS * 0.3 = 10.8±4.6 nS |
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Age>p17, Temperature=33C, [Mg2+]=1.3mM, [Ca2+]=2.4mM |
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Units are nS. |
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See also Pliss et al., J. Neurophys., 2009 (and note [12]) |
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[2] Derived from Cao, X. & Oertel, D. (2010). Single-terminal conductance was |
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estimated as 4.6±3.1 nS. The ratio of NMDA current to |
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total current is 0.53, so AMPA and NMDA currents are: |
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AMPA_gmax = 4.6±3.1 nS |
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NMDA_gmax = 4.6±3.1 nS * 0.53 = 2.4±1.6 nS |
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Estimated number of inputs per AN fiber: |
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0.3 nA step, 0.08 nA mini size = ~ 4 inputs per AN fiber |
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Age>p17, Temperature=33C, [Mg2+]=1.3mM, [Ca2+]=2.4mM |
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Units are nS |
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[3] Derived from Cao, X. & Oertel, D. (2010). Single-terminal conductance was |
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estimated as 52±14 nS / 60 = 0.87±0.23 nS. The ratio of NMDA current to |
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total current is 0.2, so AMPA and NMDA currents are: |
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AMPA_gmax = 0.87±0.23 nS |
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NMDA_gmax = 0.87±0.23 nS * 0.2 = 0.17±0.046 nS |
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Age>p17, Temperature=33C, [Mg2+]=1.3mM, [Ca2+]=2.4mM |
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Units are nS |
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[4] Assumption based on mini size and lack of discernable EPSC step (guess). |
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Should be verified. |
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[5] Oleskevich & Walmsley ~2002, Wang & Manis 2005. Units are nS |
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[6] A value of 45 would be chosen to satisfy the CV of EPSC amplitude determined in [9]. |
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However, those measures are for simultaneous stimulation of multiple AN fibers. |
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A value of 4 is included here to correspond to measures in Cao and Oertel (2010) |
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(see note [2]) |
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[7] (Xie and Manis, Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 2017): |
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Measurements from CBA/CaJ mouse "radiate" multipolar cells in the AVCN. |
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Single terminal conductance = (1.2 ± 0.70 nA/70 mV)/ 35 inputs = 0.490 ± 0.286 nS |
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(see connections.py) |
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Single terminal conductance from mini = 34 pA/70 mV = 0.486 nS (single mini) |
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Assume same AMPA/NMDA ratio as tstellate cells, but measures made where NMDA = 0 |
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(at negative V): |
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AMPA_gmax = 0.490±0.286 nS |
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NMDA_gmax = 0.490±0.286 nS * 0.53/0.47 = 0.552±0.322 nS |
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Age > P35, Temperature=34C, [Mg2+]=1.5mM, [Ca2+]=2.5mM |
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[8] Thin air. These are for testing the software, not necessarily for performing |
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real simulations. Note: Pyramidal cell strength has been reduced |
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because of large convergence and high input resistance of the reference cell model. |
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Release 1 (Nov 2017): |
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pyramidal |
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0.6 ±1.05 [8] |
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1.8 [8] |
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0.8±0.66 [8] |
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0.4 [8] |
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-15.0 [12] |
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0.499 [8] |
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1.000 [8] |
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2 [8] |
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[9] Reanalysis of evoked EPSCs in stellate cells (Manis/Xie, 2014) |
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[10] Maximum AMPA open conductance per synaptic site (units are pS). |
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These values are calculated by running python cnmodel/synapses/tests/test_psd.py |
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for a specific cell type (if the cell uses the receptor mechanisms; this is |
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not necessary for simple exp2syn style mechanisms) |
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to ensure that maximum AMPA conductance during PSG matches [1, 2 or 3] |
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For a bushy cell, the original default values (bushy cell) were: |
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AMPAR_gmax 3.314707700918133 |
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NMDAR_gmax 0.4531929783503451 |
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These values will also depend on the number of release sites per |
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synapse (the total conductance is produce of site gmax and nsites). |
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A note on the precision of these values: This precision is only |
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required for the tests of the model, as a way of ensuring numerical |
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equivalency after potential modifications of the code. The precision |
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of the value is in no way intended to specificy biological precision. |
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For example, a change in the rate constants in the AMPA_Trussell AMPA |
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receptor model could (and probably would) change the open probability, |
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and therefore the maximal conductance of an EPSC. However, as this is |
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only a representation of the EPSC, the "receptor" conductance should |
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be scaled so that the computed EPSC has the same maximal conductance |
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as prior to the kinetic modifications. Because the receptor model is |
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numerically computed (and not analytically tractable without |
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additional knowledge of the ligand time course), a numerical solution |
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is required. |
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[11] Pr is the initial release probability. The value can be computed by |
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setting Pr to 1 in this file, and running the cnmodel test_synapses.py |
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with the appropriate presynaptic source and postsynaptic target, |
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once all other parameters are set. The Pr is used to rescale |
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the AMPAR_gmax so that the total current matches the data in |
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AMPA_gmax in the table (on average). |
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[12] NMDA_vshift is the voltage shift for the activation of the NMDAR's, relative |
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to 0 (standard in the NMDA_Kampa model). A negative value shifts the voltage |
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dependence to the right (depolarizing). |
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The value of the shift here (-15 mV) was chosen based on an exploration |
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of fitting functions against the NMDA-Kampa IV curve in an SGC-bushy cell |
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model, and comparing them against data. The functions were the modified |
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Woodhull function and a Boltzmann function, yielding values of 1.19 mM for |
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k0 and 0.78 for delta (tau decay at +40 mV of 16.4 ms), and Vr -3 mV, Vh |
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16 mV for the Boltzmann fit. These are close to the values reported in |
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for NMDA currents in p14-p26 CBA/CaJ mice in Pliss et al. (J. Neurophys. |
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102, 2627, 2009). Note: Pliss et al. agree with Cao and Oertel regarding |
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an approximate 10-fold difference between AMPA and NMDA conductance in |
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mouse bushy cells. An exact fit was not obtained, but no other parameters |
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of the NMDA_Kampa model were changed. |
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[13] weight is the weight to use in a netcon object (NEURON) for "simple" |
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synapses based on the exp2syn mechanism. |
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Parameters Weight, tau1, tau2, delay and erev from comare_simple_multisynapses |
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run and curve fitting (all cells) |
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""", |
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) |
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add_table_data( |
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"sgc_ampa_kinetics", |
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row_key="field", |
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col_key="post_type", |
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species="mouse", |
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data=u""" |
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AMPA receptor kinetic values obtained by fitting the model of Raman and |
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Trussell (1992) to measured EPSCs in the mouse VCN. |
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Ro1, Ro2, Rc1, Rc2, and PA are kinetic constants affecting the AMPA receptor |
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mechanism. tau_g and A affect the speed and amplitude of transmitter release |
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(implemented in the presynaptic release mechanism). |
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These parameters were selected to fit the model output to known EPSC shapes. |
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PA is a polyamine block parameter ued in the AMPAR mechanism (concentration in micromolar). |
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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bushy tstellate dstellate pyramidal octopus tuberculoventral mso |
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Ro1 107.85 [4] 39.25 [4] 39.25 [7] 39.25 [4] 107.85 [5] 39.25 [7] 107.85 [4] |
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Ro2 0.6193 [4] 4.40 [4] 4.40 [7] 4.40 [4] 0.6193 [5] 4.40 [7] 0.6193 [4] |
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Rc1 3.678 [4] 0.667 [4] 0.667 [7] 0.667 [4] 3.678 [5] 0.667 [7] 3.678 [4] |
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Rc2 0.3212 [4] 0.237 [4] 0.237 [7] 0.237 [4] 0.3212 [5] 0.237 [7] 0.3212 [4] |
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tau_g 0.10 [4] 0.25 [4] 0.25 [7] 0.25 [4] 0.10 [5] 0.25 [4] 0.10 [4] |
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amp_g 0.770 [4] 1.56625 [4] 1.56625 [7] 1.56625 [4] 0.770 [5] 1.56625 [4] 0.770 [4] |
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PA 45 [12] 0.1 [12] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [12] 45 [5] 0.1 [7] 45 [12] |
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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[4] Xie & Manis 2013, Table 2 |
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[5] copied from bushy cells; no direct data. |
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[7] Data copied from t-stellate column (no literature on these cells). Unpublished data suggests these |
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should be slightly different, but is complicated by electrotonically distant synaptic sites that |
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preclude accurate measurement of kinetics. |
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[12] Wang & Manis (unpublished) |
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""", |
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) |
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add_table_data( |
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"sgc_epsp_kinetics", |
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row_key="field", |
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col_key="post_type", |
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species="mouse", |
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data=u""" |
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EPSC shape parameters obtained from fits of Xie & Manis 2013 Equation 3 to measured EPSCs. |
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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bushy tstellate dstellate pyramidal octopus tuberculoventral |
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tau_r 0.253 [11] 0.19 [11] 0.253 [13] |
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tau_f 0.16 [11] 1.073 [11] 0.16 [13] |
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tau_s 0.765 [11] 3.3082 [11] 0.765 [13] |
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F 0.984 [11] 0.917 [11] 0.984 [13] |
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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[11] Xie & Manis 2013, Table 3 |
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[13] Copied from bushy cells; no direct data |
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""", |
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) |
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add_table_data( |
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"sgc_release_dynamics", |
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row_key="field", |
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col_key="post_type", |
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species="mouse", |
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data=u""" |
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Kinetic parameters correspond to variables as described by Dittman et al. |
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(2000), their Table 1. |
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F: ~ Resting release probability |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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bushy tstellate dstellate pyramidal octopus tuberculoventral |
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F 0.29366 [1] 0.43435 [1] 0.43435 [2] 0.43435 [1] 0.29366 [14] 0.43435 [1] |
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k0 0.52313 [1] 0.06717 [1] 0.06717 [2] 0.06717 [1] 0.52313 [14] 0.06717 [1] |
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kmax 19.33805 [1] 52.82713 [1] 52.82713 [2] 52.82713 [1] 19.33805 [14] 52.82713 [1] |
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kd 0.11283 [1] 0.08209 [1] 0.08209 [2] 0.08209 [1] 0.11283 [14] 0.08209 [1] |
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ks 11.531 [1] 14.24460 [1] 14.24460 [2] 14.24460 [1] 11.531 [14] 14.24460 [1] |
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kf 17.78 [1] 18.16292 [1] 18.16292 [2] 18.16292 [1] 17.78 [14] 18.16292 [1] |
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taud 15.16 [1] 3.98 [1] 3.98 [2] 3.98 [1] 15.16 [14] 3.98 [1] |
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taus 17912.2 [1] 16917.120 [1] 16917.120 [2] 16917.120 [1] 17912.2 [14] 16917.120 [1] |
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tauf 9.75 [1] 11.38 [1] 11.38 [2] 11.38 [1] 9.75 [14] 11.38 [1] |
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dD 0.57771 [1] 2.46535 [1] 2.46535 [2] 2.46535 [1] 0.57771 [14] 2.46535 [1] |
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dF 0.60364 [1] 1.44543 [1] 1.44543 [2] 1.44543 [1] 0.60364 [14] 1.44543 [1] |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[1] Xie & Manis 2013, Table 1. Although independently measured in > P30 CBA/CaJ mice, |
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the values are similar to the measurements from Yang and Xu-Friedman, 2008 |
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in P14-P21 CBA/CaJ mice. |
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[2] Data copied from t-stellate column (no literature on these cells) |
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[14] Data copied from bushy cell column (no literature on these cells) |
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""", |
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) |
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add_table_data( |
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"gly_kinetics", |
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row_key="field", |
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col_key="post_type", |
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species="mouse", |
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data=u""" |
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Kinetic parameters for glycine receptor mechanisms. |
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These are currently used for both DS and TV synapses, but should probably be |
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separated in the future. |
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KV, KU, and XMax are kinetic parameters for the cleft transmitter mechanism. |
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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bushy tstellate dstellate pyramidal tuberculoventral |
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KV 1e9 [1] 531.0 [1] 531.0 [1] 531.0 [2] 531.0 [2] |
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KU 4.46 [1] 4.17 [1] 4.17 [1] 4.17 [2] 4.17 [2] |
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XMax 0.733 [1] 0.731 [1] 0.731 [1] 0.731 [2] 0.731 [2] |
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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[1] Xie & Manis 2013 |
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[2] Copied from tstellate data (Kuo et al., J. Neurophysiol. indicate glycinergic IPSCs in TV |
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and pyramidal cells are fast, with a decay time constant similar to that seen in tstellate |
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cells). In pyramidal cells, this is consistent with the brief cross-correlation tip (Voigt |
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and Young, 1980) and brief somatic current source (Manis and Brownell, 1983). |
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""", |
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) |
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add_table_data( |
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"dstellate_synapse", |
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row_key="field", |
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col_key="post_type", |
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species="mouse", |
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data=u""" |
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DStellate Synapse values |
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gly_gmax is the default value in the program (scaled by Po for the receptors). See synapses/gly_psd.py |
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IPSC_cv is the coefficient of variation of the IPSC. (Not currently used in the model) |
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Pr is the release probabilty (not currently used); built into release mechanism for multisite synapses. |
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n_rsites is the number of release sites per dstellate terminal. |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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bushy tstellate dstellate octopus pyramidal tuberculoventral cartwheel |
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gly_gmax 2.5 [1] 1.0 [5] 1.0 [2] 0. [2] 2.0 [3] 2.0 [3] 0±0 [2] |
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IPSC_cv 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] |
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Pr 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] |
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n_rsites 10 [5] 5 [5] 5 [5] 0 [2] 5 [5] 25 [5] 0 [2] |
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delay 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 0 |
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weight 0.004131 0.004455 0.0 0 0.002228 0.012097 0 |
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tau1 0.187 0.152 0.152 0 0.152 0.152 0 |
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tau2 7.953 1.247 1.247 0 1.247 1.247 0 |
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erev -70.0 -70.0 -70.0 0 -70.0 -70.0 0 |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[1] Estimate |
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[2] No evidence for dstellate inputs to other d stellate cells or cartwheel cells. |
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Octopus cells do not get inhibitory input |
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[3] Guess |
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[4] Default value |
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[5] Guess *educated* DS->TS from Xie and Manis, 2013. 99 pA mini @ 50 mV driving ~ 2 nS |
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[6] delay from pre to post; default is 0 |
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[7] Parameters Weight, tau1, tau2, delay and erev from comare_simple_multisynapses run and curve fitting (all cells) |
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""", |
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) |
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add_table_data( |
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"tuberculoventral_synapse", |
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row_key="field", |
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col_key="post_type", |
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species="mouse", |
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data=u""" |
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Tuberculventral Synapse values |
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gly_gmax is the default value in the program (scaled by Po for the receptors). See synapses/gly_psd.py |
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IPSC_cv is the coefficient of variation of the IPSC. (Not currently used in the model) |
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Pr is the release probabilty (not currently used) |
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n_rsites is the number of release sites per tuberculoventral terminal. |
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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bushy tstellate dstellate octopus pyramidal tuberculoventral cartwheel |
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gly_gmax 5.0 [3] 3.0 [3] 3.0 [3] 0. [2] 2.1±2.9 [6] 1.8±2.3 [6] 0±0 [6] |
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IPSC_cv 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 1.0 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] |
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Pr 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] |
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n_rsites 6 [5] 6 [5] 0 [1] 0 [2] 6 [5] 6 [5] 6 [5] |
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delay 0.600 0.600 0 0 0.600 0.600 0 |
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weight 0.002371 0.008114 0 0 0.002705 0.002705 0 |
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tau1 0.190 0.149 0 0 0.149 0.149 0 |
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tau2 7.952 1.250 0 0 1.250 1.250 0 |
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erev -70.0 -70.0 0 0 -70.0 -70.0 0 |
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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[1] Default value from GlyPSD |
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[2] No evidence for tuberculo inputs to other d stellate cells or cartwheel cells. |
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Octopus cells do not get inhibitory input |
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[3] Guess |
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[4] Default value |
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[5] Guess |
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[6] Mouse data |
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TV conductance onto pyr cells: 2.1 nS SD 2.9 nS (Kuo et al., 2012) |
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TV conductance onto TV cells: 1.8 ns SD 2.3 nS. |
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[7] Parameters Weight, tau1, tau2, delay and erev from comare_simple_multisynapses run and curve fitting (all cells) |
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Fitting done against 200 rep average for bushy, 500 rep average for all others. |
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""", |
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) |
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add_table_data( |
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"cartwheel_synapse", |
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row_key="field", |
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col_key="post_type", |
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species="mouse", |
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data=u""" |
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Cartwheel cell synapse values |
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gly_gmax is the default value in the program (scaled by Po for the receptors). See synapses/gly_psd.py |
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IPSC_cv is the coefficient of variation of the IPSC. (Not currently used in the model) |
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Pr is the release probabilty (not currently used) |
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n_rsites is the number of release sites per cartwheel cell terminal. |
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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bushy tstellate dstellate octopus pyramidal tuberculoventral cartwheel |
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gly_gmax 0.0 [3] 0.0 [3] 0.0 [3] 0. [2] 2.1±2.9 [6] 0±0 [6] 1.8±2.3 [6] |
|
IPSC_cv 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] 1.0 [3] 0.3 [3] 0.3 [3] |
|
Pr 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] 1.000 [4] |
|
n_rsites 6 [5] 6 [5] 0 [1] 0 [2] 6 [5] 6 [5] 6 [5] |
|
delay 0 [7] 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
|
weight 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.01 |
|
tau1 0.3 [5] 0.3 [5] 0.3 [5] 0.3 [5] 0.3 [5] 0.3 [5] 0.3 [5] |
|
tau2 2.0 [5] 2.0 [5] 2.0 [5] 2.0 [5] 2.0 [5] 2.0 [5] 2.0 [5] |
|
erev -70 [5] -70 [5] -70 [5] -70 [5] -70 [5] -70 [5] -70 [5] |
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
[1] Default value from GlyPSD |
|
|
|
[2] No evidence for cartwheel inputs to Dstellate, bushy or tstellate cells. |
|
Octopus cells do not get inhibitory input |
|
|
|
[3] Guess |
|
|
|
[4] Default value |
|
|
|
[5] Guess |
|
|
|
[6] Mouse data |
|
TV conductance onto pyr cells: 2.1 nS SD 2.9 nS (Kuo et al., 2012) |
|
TV conductance onto TV cells: 1.8 ns SD 2.3 nS. |
|
|
|
[7] delay from pre to post; default is just 0 |
|
|
|
""", |
|
) |
|
|
|
add_table_data( |
|
"bushy_synapse", |
|
row_key="field", |
|
col_key="post_type", |
|
species="mouse", |
|
data=u""" |
|
|
|
AMPA_gmax and NMDA_gmax are the estimated average peak conductances (in nS) |
|
resulting from an action potential in a single presynaptic terminal under |
|
conditions that minimize the effects of short-term plasticity. |
|
AMPA_gmax are from values measured at -65 mV (or -70mV), and represent SINGLE TERMINAL |
|
conductances |
|
AMPAR_gmax are the individual synapse postsynaptic conductance |
|
NMDA_gmax values are taken as the fraction of the current that is NMDAR dependent |
|
at +40 mV (see below) |
|
|
|
n_rsites is the number of release sites per terminal. |
|
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
mso |
|
|
|
AMPA_gmax 21.05±15.4 [1] |
|
AMPAR_gmax 4.6516398 [2] |
|
NMDA_gmax 0 [3] |
|
NMDAR_gmax 0 [3] |
|
EPSC_cv 0.12 [4] |
|
Pr 1.000 [5] |
|
n_rsites 36 [6] |
|
weight 0.01 |
|
delay 0 |
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
[1] Taken from the mouse bushy cell model. |
|
Units are nS. |
|
|
|
[2] See note [10] for the SGC-bushy synapse |
|
|
|
[3] Assume no NMDA receptors at this synapse |
|
|
|
[4] See SGC-bushy synapse |
|
|
|
[5] Just to scale with the multisite synapse model |
|
|
|
[6] This is a guess. |
|
|
|
""", |
|
)
|
|
|